Internal Medicine
Evaluation and Management of the Hyperchloremic Patient
Causes of hyperchloremia vary and include acid–base related, drug related, and renal failure.
Internal Medicine
Evaluation and Management of the Hypokalemic Patient
Patients with severe hypokalemia suffer from generalized muscle weakness; in cats, cervical ventroflexion may be noted.
Internal Medicine
Evaluation and Management of the Hyperkalemic Patient
Resuscitative and/or replacement fluids should be provided to any patient with hyperkalemia and a fluid deficit.
Internal Medicine
Evaluation and Management of the Hyponatremic Patient
Hyponatremia is is defined as an excess of water in relation to serum sodium concentrations in the body. A thorough history is important in assessing hyponatremic patients as the details could impact the preferred treatment option.
Internal Medicine
Evaluation and Management of the Hypernatremic Patient
Hypernatremia reflects the loss of water in excess of sodium or the addition of sodium in excess of water.