Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) have been popular pets in the U.S. for decades. They have been domesticated since 4 BC, and have been used in a working capacity to wire American aircraft during World War II, connect wires for computers at the Peterson Air Force Base missile warning center, and clean 300-foot pipes in the Meson Laboratory (National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois).1
The Heartworm Hotline column is presented in partnership between Today’s Veterinary Practice and the American Heartworm Society (heartwormsociety.org). The goal of the column is to communicate practical and timely information on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of heartworm disease, as well as highlight current topics related to heartworm research and findings in veterinary medicine.
Ferrets are often housed in pairs or multiples, and it is common knowledge among ferret owners that ferrets should be vaccinated with rabies and distemper vaccines. However, not all ferret owners are aware that ferrets are also highly susceptible to heartworm infection.2-5
Disease Overview
In ferrets, heartworm disease (HWD) is caused by Dirofilaria immitis and is transmitted by mosquitoes—the same way that HWD infects cats and dogs (Figure).
While earlier literature hypothesized that HWD in ferrets was similar to the disease in cats, the disease actually bears an interesting mix of similarities to both canine and feline disease (Table 1).3,4,6
Studies have shown ferrets to be highly susceptible to heartworm infection, with worm recovery rates similar to those of dogs,2,7 while microfilaremia appears to be transient and of low concentrations, as in cats.
FIGURE. Necropsy of a ferret with heartworm disease.
Diagnosis
Work is needed to better understand the most accurate and reliable protocol for heartworm diagnosis in ferrets. To date, substantive studies comparing the efficacy and accuracy of screening methods have not been performed in this species. Current best practices suggest employing a combination of testing methods to confirm HWD.
Due to the apparent transient nature of microfilaremia in ferrets, microfilaria detection is more problematic in ferrets than dogs; however, if found, it is diagnostic.
Combining heartworm antigen tests with imaging techniques, such as thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and angiography (to detect adult heartworms in the heart and associated vessels), appears to yield a relatively high and accurate detection rate. False negative antigen tests are presumed to be due to antigenic loads below detectable levels—when lower worm burdens or single sex infections are present—similar to feline and canine infections.
Evidence of accuracy and efficacy of antibody testing in ferrets is lacking.
Clinical Signs
Clinical signs of HWD in ferrets are outlined in Table 2. Bilirubinuria is the clinicopathologic change detected most consistently in ferrets with HWD and, while more work is necessary to investigate this link, it may prove to be a consistent indicator for the disease.2,8,9
Imaging Studies
A large percentage of ferrets with naturally occurring HWD have radiographic changes consistent with pleural effusion; additional imaging findings include tortuous and dilated pulmonary vasculature, right atrial and ventricular enlargement and dilation, and tricuspid regurgitation.7,10
Treatment
Treating ferrets with heartworms has proven problematic. As with cats, no treatment has been approved for HWD in ferrets; therefore, treatment options (Table 3) consist of extra-label protocols.
Adulticide Therapy
A study in which canine doses of melarsomine dihydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly 2 times, 24 hours apart, demonstrated approximately 70% efficacy in killing adult heartworms in ferrets.2 However, the treatment worsened both cardiac and respiratory signs in the ferrets.
Melarsomine administered intramuscularly to ferrets at a higher dose of 3.25 mg/kg was found to be equally effective (80.6%−83.3%) when administered either:2
- Twice, 24 hours apart, or
- As one injection, followed one month later by 2 injections, 24 hours apart.
Comparison of these 2 treatment methods was hindered by the small sample size, and statistical significance is difficult to confirm until a larger population is studied.
Macrocyclic Lactone Therapy
A small study of adulticides that compared administration of ivermectin (Heartgard, us.merial.com) alone to ivermectin in combination with melarsomine suggested that ferrets may have a higher survival rate when ivermectin is administered alone. However, this study’s small sample size makes the significance of mortality rates, survival times, and comorbid conditions difficult to interpret.2
Anecdotally, moxidectin (ProHeart, zoetisus.com) has been used at 0.17 mg/animal in a small number of heartworm antigen-positive ferrets, with evidence of the potential for higher survivability than traditional treatments with melarsomine or ivermectin.11 Controlled studies to date have not been performed to verify efficacy or safety.
Surgical Removal
One case of successful transvenous heartworm extraction in a ferret has been documented in the literature.8
Adjunct Therapy
Oxygen supplementation and use of prednisolone at 1 mg daily/ferret to decrease lung inflammation may be helpful in clinically affected ferrets.
In dogs, the heartworm treatment protocol recommended by the American Heartworm Society (AHS) includes treatment of Wolbachia species by administration of doxycycline, which blocks the pro-inflammatory effects that follow worm death and transmission of heartworms by reduction of circulating microfilariae. At this time, it is not known if doxycycline could play a role in treatment of heartworm infection in ferrets.
Prevention
In the years preceding the development and testing of macrocyclic lactones for prevention of heartworm in ferrets, ivermectin, 10 mcg PO, was utilized by many practitioners and found to be highly protective when given on a monthly basis.
The recent licensure and approval of imidacloprid/moxidectin (Advantage Multi for Cats, bayerdvm.com), however, has afforded practitioners a scientifically proven and licensed product for ferret owners. This product should be administered monthly at the recommended minimum dose of imidacloprid, 9 mg/lb (20 mg/kg), and moxidectin, 0.9 mg/lb (2 mg/kg), by topical administration, regardless of indoor/outdoor status.
While no serious side effects were observed during the FDA studies of this product in ferrets, several possible adverse reactions were reported, including pruritus/scratching, scabbing, redness, stiffening of hair, inflammation at the treatment site, and lethargy; all of which resolved without treatment.
Just as in dogs and cats, monthly, year-round heartworm prevention is recommended for both indoor and outdoor ferrets housed in heartworm endemic areas due to their susceptibility to HWD.9 Mosquitoes are found inside homes wherever they exist, and are capable of surviving in microclimates throughout winter (eaves of houses, crawlspaces, etc).
Summary
- Diagnosis and treatment of heartworm infection in ferrets is more problematic than in dogs, and fewer studies have been conducted to determine best diagnostic methods.
- Bilirubinuria may be one of the more consistent laboratory abnormalities in heartworm positive ferrets.2,9
- The use of antigen tests in combination with imaging appears to be diagnostically accurate.
- Treatment of patent infections is problematic and less successful using traditional methods employed in canine medicine, due in part to lack of microfilaremia to aid in early detection of infection and higher incidence of fatalities post treatment.
- Further studies are needed to answer many questions with regard to heartworm infection, diagnosis, and treatment in ferrets.
- The AHS recommends year-round prevention in ferrets housed in heartworm endemic areas.
AHS = American Heartworm Society; HWD = heartworm disease
Suggested Reading
Supakorndej P, McCall JW, Lewis RE, et al. Biology, diagnosis, and prevention of heartworm infection in ferrets. Proc Heartworm Symp AHS, 1992, pp 59-69.
References
- Present day ferret achievements. Available at all-about-ferrets .com, 2015.
- Antinoff N. Clinical observations in ferrets with naturally occurring heartworm disease, and preliminary evaluation of treatment with ivermectin with and without melarsomine. Proc Heartworm Symp AHS, 2001, pp 45-47.
- McCall JW. Dirofilariasis in the domestic ferret. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 1998; 13(2):109-112.
- Blair LS. Efficacy of ivermectin against third-stage Dirofilaria immitis larvae in ferrets and dogs. Res Vet Sci 1982; 33(3):386-387.
- Kemmerer DW. Heartworm disease in the domestic ferret. Proc Heartworm Symp AHS, 1998, pp 87-89.
- Campell WC, Blair LS. Dirofilaria immitis: Experimental infections in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo). J Parasitol 1978; Feb 64(1):119-122.
- Supakorndej P, Lewis RE, McCall JW, et al. Radiographic and angiographic evaluations of ferrets experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1995; 36(1):23-29.
- Bradbury C, Saunders AB, Heatley JJ, et al. Transvenous heartworm extraction in a ferret with caval syndrome. JAAHA 2010; 46(1):31-35.
- Patterson MM, Fox JG, Eberhard ML. Parasitic diseases. In Fox JG, Marini RP (eds): Biology and Diseases of the Ferret, 3rd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2014, pp 553-572.
- McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, et al. Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv Parasitol 2008; 66:193-285.
- Cottrell DK. Use of moxidectin (ProHeart 6) as a heartworm adulticide in 4 ferrets. Exotic DVM 2004; 5:9-12.